you can deactivate phone-home and autoinstallation by removing the system autoinstallation and system phone-home stanza's via cli:
configure
delete system phone-home
delete system autoinstallation
commit and-quit
Regarding fule system corruption; The SRX300 series have two root partitions in case one breaks due to improper shutdown or similar. The guideline states that you preferable should power down the device and not just remove the power plug.
But: If you have the same software on both partitions it should just boot on the alternate one and you can then sync the software via the command 'request system snapshot slice alternate' and verify status via 'show system snapshot media internal';
user@fw> show system snapshot media internal
Information for snapshot on internal (/dev/da0s1a) (primary)
Creation date: Jul 27 16:37:37 2018
JUNOS version on snapshot:
junos : 18.2R1.9
Information for snapshot on internal (/dev/da0s2a) (backup)
Creation date: Aug 12 10:50:18 2018
JUNOS version on snapshot:
junos : 18.2R1.9
More about dual root on SRX devices can be found here:
https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/junos/topics/concept/security-dual-root-partitioning-scheme-overview.html
I hope this clarifies.